Respiration in animals important points

 

                 RESPIRATION IN ANIMALS

                         -: Important points :- 

# Rate of breathing in an adult human is 14-18/min.

# Respiratory mechanism is controlled by Central nervous system.

# R.Q is more than one when respiratory substrate is Organic acids.

# Asthama is caused due to spasm in bronchial muscles

# The function of tracheal hair is to pass mucus out.

# Alveoli are end part of the branch of trachea and take part in the exchange of gases.

# Percentage of CO₂ gas in dry air is 0.04%.

# Trachea is lined with incomplete rings of Hyaline cartilage.

# Automobile exhaust causes respiratory problems because of the presence of carbon monoxide.

# Book-lungs are respiratory organs of Arachnida.

# Pseudostratified epithelium is found in Respiratory tract.

# 0.5 L of air can be inspired or expired during normal breathing.

# Number of lobes in right and left lungs of rabbit are 4 and 2.

# The form of energy used in respiration is Chemical.

# Haemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve is  Sigmoid.

# Chloride shift is essential for transport of CO2.

#  Amount of O2 normally carried by 100 ml of pure blood is 20 ml.

# In anaerobic respiration of muscles, pyruvic acid is changed to Lactic acid.

# Hamburger shift is also called Chloride shift.

# During hibernation, frog respires by Moist skin.

# Sites of gaseous exchange in lungs are Alveoli.

# Myoglobin is found in Muscles.

# Exchange of gas between blood and alveolar air in lungs occurs by Simple diffusion.

# Volume of air inspired and expired in each breath in normal respiration by man is called Tidal volume.

# Oxygen carrier or the respiratory pigment in the blood of frog and other vertebrates is Haemoglobin.

# Controlling centre of normal breathing in mammals lies in Medulla oblongata.

# Respiratory system is derived from Endoderm.

# Epithelial lining of respiratory system of frog is derived from Endoderm.

# Rate of breathing in mammals largely depends upon Carbon dioxide concentration in blood.

# Carbonic anhydrase is found in Erythrocytes

# In haemoglobin, 4 oxygen molecules can attach.

# The vital capacity of adult human lungs is equal to 4800 ml.

# The total percentage of oxygen transported by the haemoglobin is 97%.

# Haemoglobin most strongly combines with CO.

# If carbohydrate is subjected to anaerobic respiration, RQ will be Infinity.

# R.Q. of carbohydrate will be 1.

# In the form of  Bicarbonate ions , CO2 is mostly carried in the blood.

# In Earthworm  respiration occurs without any respiratory organ.

# Residual air mostly occurs in Alveoli

# During inspiration the lungs act as suction pump.

#  Larynx  contain vocal cords.

# Mammalian lungs contain an enormous number of minute alveoli. This is to allow more surface area for diffusion of gases

# Body tissues obtain oxygen from oxyhaemoglobin because of its dissociation caused by low O2 and high CO2 concentration.

# During inspiration, the diaphragm contract.

# Respiratory centre that controls normal breathing lies in meulla oblongata.

# In the form of Sodium bicarbonate CO2 is carried in blood.

# Inspiratory air in lungs ultimately reaches Alveoli.

# Haemoglobin is having maximum affinity with CO

# Ciliated cells are found in Bronchus.

# Voice in mammals produced during exhalation.

# Buccopharyngeal respiration in frog stops when there is pulmonary respiration.

# The most stable product formed with haemoglobin is by CO.

# Approximately composition of O2 in inspired and expired air is 21% and 16%.

# Total lung capacity is 5800 ml.

# One common feature of trachea of rabbit and trachea of cockroach is that both have non-collapsible walls.

# The impulse for voluntary forced breathing starts in cerebral hemisphere.

# Pouched gills are found in Cyclostomes.

# Trachea is double in Penguin.

# Dyspnoea is the difficult breathing.

# Number of tracheal rings in human trachea is 16-20.

# Stage when the lung is collapsed, especially the alveoli, is Atelectesis.

# Animals having two respiratory pigments Serpula.

# Maximum amount of the air that can be exchanged per minute is Vital capacity.

# Pco2 released from the body is about 30%.

# Haldane believes oxyhaemoglobin to act as  Acid.

# Fe3+  form of iron is found in haemoglobin.

# A person breathing normally at rest takes in and expells approximately half a litre of air during each respiratory cycle. It is called Tidal Volume.

# Respiratory quotient (RQ) for fats is less than one.

# Air bladder or swim bladder in fishes is associated with Hydrostasis , Sound production and Gaseous exchange.

# Arytenoid cartilage occurs in Larynx.

# In an organism utilising carbohydrates as a source of energy anaerobically, RQ is likely to be .Infinity.

 # The state during which the respiratory centre is inhibited is termed Anoxia.

# Bohr effect is related with Reduced oxygen level in haemoglobin.

# Amount of oxygen transported by one gram of hemoglobin is 1.34ml.

# The respiratory centre in the brain is stimulated by CO2 concentration in arterial blood.

# Carbonic anhydrase is found in erythrocytes.

# Decrease in pH, oxygen dissociation curve of haemoglobin shift to the right of normal curve.

# Carbon dioxide is transported from tissue to respiratory surface by only plasma and erythrocytes.

# The correct sequence of air passage in human :-  nasal cavity > pharynx  > larynx > trachea >  bronchioles >  alveoli

# With the help of RBCs and blood plasma the transport of Oxygen and carbon dioxide by blood takes place.

# When 1200 ml air is left in the lung it is called residual volume.

# The process of migration of chloride ions from plasma to RBCs and carbonate ions from RBCs to plasma is called Chloride Shift.

# When carbon dioxide concentration in blood increase the breathing becomes faster and deeper.

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