RESPIRATION IN ANIMALS
-: Important points :-
# Rate of breathing in an adult human is 14-18/min.
# Respiratory mechanism is controlled by Central nervous system.
# R.Q is more than one when respiratory substrate is Organic acids.
# Asthama is caused due to spasm in bronchial muscles
# The function of tracheal hair is to pass mucus out.
# Alveoli are end part of the branch of trachea and take part in the exchange of gases.
# Percentage of CO₂ gas in dry air is 0.04%.
# Trachea is lined with incomplete rings of Hyaline cartilage.
# Automobile exhaust causes respiratory problems because of the presence of carbon monoxide.
# Book-lungs are respiratory organs of Arachnida.
# Pseudostratified epithelium is found in Respiratory tract.
# 0.5 L of air can be inspired or expired during normal breathing.
# Number of lobes in right and left lungs of rabbit are 4 and 2.
# The form of energy used in respiration is Chemical.
# Haemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve is Sigmoid.
# Chloride shift is essential for transport of CO2.
# Amount of O2 normally carried by 100 ml of pure blood is 20 ml.
# In anaerobic respiration of muscles, pyruvic acid is changed to Lactic acid.
# Hamburger shift is also called Chloride shift.
# During hibernation, frog respires by Moist skin.
# Sites of gaseous exchange in lungs are Alveoli.
# Myoglobin is found in Muscles.
# Exchange of gas between blood and alveolar air in lungs occurs by Simple diffusion.
# Volume of air inspired and expired in each breath in normal respiration by man is called Tidal volume.
# Oxygen carrier or the respiratory pigment in the blood of frog and other vertebrates is Haemoglobin.
# Controlling centre of normal breathing in mammals lies in Medulla oblongata.
# Respiratory system is derived from Endoderm.
# Epithelial lining of respiratory system of frog is derived from Endoderm.
# Rate of breathing in mammals largely depends upon Carbon dioxide concentration in blood.
# Carbonic anhydrase is found in Erythrocytes
# In haemoglobin, 4 oxygen molecules can attach.
# The vital capacity of adult human lungs is equal to 4800 ml.
# The total percentage of oxygen transported by the haemoglobin is 97%.
# Haemoglobin most strongly combines with CO.
# If carbohydrate is subjected to anaerobic respiration, RQ will be Infinity.
# R.Q. of carbohydrate will be 1.
# In the form of Bicarbonate ions , CO2 is mostly carried in the blood.
# In Earthworm respiration occurs without any respiratory organ.
# Residual air mostly occurs in Alveoli
# During inspiration the lungs act as suction pump.
# Larynx contain vocal cords.
# Mammalian lungs contain an enormous number of minute alveoli. This is to allow more surface area for diffusion of gases
# Body tissues obtain oxygen from oxyhaemoglobin because of its dissociation caused by low O2 and high CO2 concentration.
# During inspiration, the diaphragm contract.
# Respiratory centre that controls normal breathing lies in meulla oblongata.
# In the form of Sodium bicarbonate CO2 is carried in blood.
# Inspiratory air in lungs ultimately reaches Alveoli.
# Haemoglobin is having maximum affinity with CO
# Ciliated cells are found in Bronchus.
# Voice in mammals produced during exhalation.
# Buccopharyngeal respiration in frog stops when there is pulmonary respiration.
# The most stable product formed with haemoglobin is by CO.
# Approximately composition of O2 in inspired and expired air is 21% and 16%.
# Total lung capacity is 5800 ml.
# One common feature of trachea of rabbit and trachea of cockroach is that both have non-collapsible walls.
# The impulse for voluntary forced breathing starts in cerebral hemisphere.
# Pouched gills are found in Cyclostomes.
# Trachea is double in Penguin.
# Dyspnoea is the difficult breathing.
# Number of tracheal rings in human trachea is 16-20.
# Stage when the lung is collapsed, especially the alveoli, is Atelectesis.
# Animals having two respiratory pigments Serpula.
# Maximum amount of the air that can be exchanged per minute is Vital capacity.
# Pco2 released from the body is about 30%.
# Haldane believes oxyhaemoglobin to act as Acid.
# Fe3+ form of iron is found in haemoglobin.
# A person breathing normally at rest takes in and expells approximately half a litre of air during each respiratory cycle. It is called Tidal Volume.
# Respiratory quotient (RQ) for fats is less than one.
# Air bladder or swim bladder in fishes is associated with Hydrostasis , Sound production and Gaseous exchange.
# Arytenoid cartilage occurs in Larynx.
# In an organism utilising carbohydrates as a source of energy anaerobically, RQ is likely to be .Infinity.
# The state during which the respiratory centre is inhibited is termed Anoxia.
# Bohr effect is related with Reduced oxygen level in haemoglobin.
# Amount of oxygen transported by one gram of hemoglobin is 1.34ml.
# The respiratory centre in the brain is stimulated by CO2 concentration in arterial blood.
# Carbonic anhydrase is found in erythrocytes.
# Decrease in pH, oxygen dissociation curve of haemoglobin shift to the right of normal curve.
# Carbon dioxide is transported from tissue to respiratory surface by only plasma and erythrocytes.
# The correct sequence of air passage in human :- nasal cavity > pharynx > larynx > trachea > bronchioles > alveoli
# With the help of RBCs and blood plasma the transport of Oxygen and carbon dioxide by blood takes place.
# When 1200 ml air is left in the lung it is called residual volume.
# The process of migration of chloride ions from plasma to RBCs and carbonate ions from RBCs to plasma is called Chloride Shift.
# When carbon dioxide concentration in blood increase the breathing becomes faster and deeper.
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